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Breathing & CO2 Tolerance

Measure and train how well you handle carbon dioxide. Andy Galpin's CO2 tolerance test doubles as a free recovery gauge, and nasal plus box breathing builds the control that steadies performance and stress.

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Parker University / Performance
Not endorsed · Based on the published work of Andy Galpin
Daily time
Daily / per session
Steps
6
Difficulty
Beginner
Sources
3
View the steps →
What it is

Most people think breathing is about getting oxygen in. Galpin's framing flips it: the limiter is usually how well you tolerate rising carbon dioxide, and that tolerance is both trainable and a useful readout of your nervous system. The CO2 tolerance test (how long you can slowly exhale after a set of breaths) gives a zero-cost recovery and stress gauge, similar in spirit to HRV. Default to nasal breathing, train mechanical control with box breathing, and use breath to hold composure in hard efforts.

Why it works
Carbon dioxide tolerance reflects how well you can mechanically control the diaphragm and stay calm as CO2 builds, which is what actually drives the urge to breathe. A longer, controlled exhale (roughly 30 to 60 seconds in the test) tends to indicate you are well recovered; a short, panicked one suggests systemic stress or under-recovery. Nasal breathing is more efficient and supports better mechanics; box breathing trains slower, more controlled respiration over time.
The evidence
Sources
Published work by Andy Galpin, cited straight to the source: long-form episodes, clips, peer-reviewed papers and their own writing. Select any to view it here.
1
How to breathe correctly for health, mood, learning and performance (Huberman Lab episode, with CO2 tolerance test)
Article
2
CO2 tolerance: what it measures and how to use it (Ask Dr. Andy Galpin)
Article
3
Endurance, breathing mechanics and nasal breathing with Dr. Andy Galpin
Article
Source viewer
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The protocol
Clinical strong human trials Mixed some or emerging evidence Commercial weak or unproven, sold widely Equipment / Test not an evidence claim How we grade →
Run the CO2 tolerance test

Measure your controlled exhale

Take 4 easy breaths, then a full inhale, then exhale as slowly as possible through pursed lips; time the exhale. Same time of day, ideally morning

It is a fast, free gauge of recovery and nervous-system readiness.

Andy Galpin / Huberman Lab
For this step
No product needed
Interpret it

Read the number as a trend, not a verdict

~30 to 60s controlled exhale suggests well-recovered; a short, strained exhale suggests stress or fatigue. Compare only to your own baseline

Like HRV, it is most useful tracked against yourself over time.

Andy Galpin
For this step
No product needed
Default to nasal

Breathe through your nose by default

Nasal breathing at rest and in easy training; Galpin calls it a 'cheat code' for better mechanics

Nasal breathing is more efficient and supports better posture and breathing mechanics.

Galpin / Huberman
For this stepMixed
Mouth / nasal tape (optional)
Some use it to train nasal breathing; optional, not essential
Train control with box breathing

Practise box breathing to lower resting rate

Equal counts in, hold, out, hold (e.g. 4-4-4-4), a few minutes daily; lengthen as control improves

Builds mechanical control over breathing and reduces resting respiratory rate.

Huberman Lab
For this step
No product needed
Breathe for endurance

Manage breathing in hard efforts

Avoid over-breathing early; return to nasal-only breathing between intervals before starting the next round

Composed breathing prevents the early over-breathing that wrecks later efforts.

Galpin / Huberman
For this step
No product needed
Use it to gauge readiness

Track the test alongside training

Check periodically (especially after hard blocks); a sustained drop is a cue to back off

It flags under-recovery before it becomes injury or burnout.

Andy Galpin
For this step
No product needed
Is this for you?
Good fit if
  • Endurance athletes and lifters
  • Anyone wanting a free recovery gauge
  • People who default to mouth breathing
  • Those who panic-breathe under exertion or stress
Cautions
  • The CO2 tolerance test is a useful trend tool, not a validated clinical measure; treat it as directional and compare only to your own baseline
  • Breath-holds and intense breathwork are not for everyone: avoid them in pregnancy, with cardiovascular or seizure conditions, and never do breath-holds in or near water
  • Build gradually; if controlled breathing makes you lightheaded, stop and breathe normally
  • Educational only, not medical advice
Related protocols
Update history
  • July 3, 2026 Protocol published.
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Not medical advice. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical care. Consult a qualified clinician before changing your health routine.
Independent curation. YourProtocol.ai is an independent platform. This protocol is based on the publicly available work of Andy Galpin and is not created, reviewed, endorsed by, or affiliated with Andy Galpin or Parker University / Performance.

Breathing & CO2 Tolerance
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